CHAPTER 1 Case Study 1

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

1. which issue is more disconcerting- the fact that a board member leaked confidential information about the firm or the tactics used to investigate the leak? defend your position.
- I think the more disconcerting issue the fact that when the board member leaked confidentials information about HP beacause its illegal or againts to the company regulations when taking some information without permission. And actually its easy for the detectives to trace the suspected board members by using telephone.

2. can the use of pretexting to gain information ever be justified? is it consider legal under any circumstances.
- As i know that the Pretexting is a practice where an individual lies about him or her identity in order to obtain confidential or privileged information that he or she is not entitled to. There are a number of different ways pretexting occurs. Pretexters may use the telephone or computer. They may claim to be an institution like a bank or credit agency, or they may call a company claiming to be the consumer. I dont think that the pretexting is illegal in the terms by getting some information unless if you used this to get some confidential information.


QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

1. there are many ethical issues about which people hold very strong opinions-abortions, gun control and the death penalty, to name a few. if you were a team member on a project with someone whom you knew held an opinion different from yours on one of these issues, would it affect your ability to work with this person? why or why not?
- If I am in the team member on a project and have an own opinion  it would not affect my ability to work with them. As a member of the project we need to share ideas and gather all opinion's regarding to the issue, by doing that we can actually accomplish our work without anguishing with others opinion's.

2. what do you think are the most important factors that helped you define your own personal code of ethics.
- For me the most important factors that help to define my own personal code of ethics are attitudes and behavior. attitudes because  it is important to our selves to have a good impression with others and the way we socialize with the people around us. Behavior because people will trust and respect us if we doing a good example to there eyes.
3. do you think that ethics in business is improving or getting worse ? defend your position.
- For me ethics is important to the business because without ethics in the business how can a business will grow or step to the next level if don't apply into our daily live style. And how can actually people manage a simple things if don't apply ethics in the business. 
4. the ethics resource center identified five characteristics of a succesful ethics program suggest a sixth characteristic, and  defend your choice.

- Reliability 
Reliability goes hand in hand with a good work ethic. If individuals with a good work ethic say they are going to attend a work function or arrive at a certain time, they do, as they value punctuality. Individuals with a strong work ethic often want to appear dependable, showing their employers that they are workers to whom they can turn. Because of this, they put effort into portraying -- and proving -- this dependability by being reliable and performing consistently.

Dedication
Those with a good work ethic are dedicated to their jobs and will do anything they can to ensure that they perform well. Often this dedication leads them to change jobs less frequently, as they become committed to the positions in which they work and are not eager to abandon these posts. They also often put in extra hours beyond what is expected, making it easy for their employers to see that they are workers who go beyond the rest of the workforce and truly dedicate themselves to their positions.
 
Productivity
Because they work at a consistently fast pace, individuals with a good work ethic are often highly productive. They commonly get large amounts of work done more quickly than others who lack their work ethic, as they don't quit until they've completed the tasks with which they were presented. This high level of productivity is also due, at least in part, to the fact that these individuals want to appear to be strong workers. The more productive they are, the more beneficial to the company they appear to those managing them.
 
Cooperation
Cooperative work can be highly beneficial in the business environment, something that individuals with a strong work ethic know well. Because they recognize the usefulness of cooperative practices -- such as teamwork -- they often put an extensive amount of effort into working well with others. These individuals commonly respect their bosses enough to work with any individuals with whom they are paired in a productive and polite manner, even if they do not enjoy working with the individuals in question.
 
Character
Those with a good work ethic often also possess generally strong character. This means they are self-disciplined, pushing themselves to complete work tasks instead of requiring others to intervene. They are also often very honest and trustworthy, as they view these traits as befitting the high-quality employees they seek to become. To demonstrate their strong character, these workers embody these positive traits daily, likely distinguishing themselves from the rest.

5. which incendent has a higher negative impact on an organization-an unethical act performed by an hourly worker or the same act performed by a senior manager of the organization? explain your answer fully. should the hourly worker be treated differently than the senior manager who committed the unethical act? why or why not?
- even though there are not actually the same position of the organization but they are  both commit same unethical act, in that case they must treated fairly so that we can apply ethics to the organization. how can we apply ethics to the organization if each one of us are  treated diffrently according to the position.

6. it is a common and acceptable pratice for managers to hold people accountable to meet "stretch" goals, quotas, and budgets.how can this be done in a way that does not encourage unethical behavior on the part of employees.
-Actually there are some companies required a minimum rate for the employees based on the work done. company should have a contract to their employees and orient their people to meet  stretch. 

7. is every action that is legal also ethical? can you describe an action that is legal but ethically wrong? is every ethical action also legal? is the law, not ethics, the only guide that business managers need to consider? explain.-every action that is legal is supposed to be ethical. but for me, its not. nowadays, basing from our present situation, not all legal actions are ethical because these what they call "legal actions" may harm people. an example of this is slavery. Slavery is legal in other countries up to this point in time. But if you would see through this action, slavery is ethically wrong because it does not treat the people properly and violates their rights. Every ethical action is not always legal because it may seem good to other people but its legally wrong because it violates rules. The law can be considered as ethics as it regulates rules that can make the actions of the people in an ethical way.

8. do you think it is easier to establish an ethical work environment in a nonprofit organization? why or why not?
- for me it depends on the employee of the organization if  he or she accept a nonprofit organization and apply the  rules and regulation of ethics. And they can actually do what are the best things to make company successful even though they are not profit organization. It is better and easier to establish  an ethical work environment in a nonprofit organization in order to have a harmonious relationship within the employees. ethics is very essential because it creates a positive image in the company, it helps a lot in achieving the objectives and goal of the organization specially when all the employees passes an ethical behavior because its easy to handle and employee if they have common understanding and also you should have to motivate and practice ethical work environment in an certain organization.

9. this chapter discusses the four approaches to dealing with moral issues. identify and briefly summarize each one. do you believe one perspective is better then others? if so, which one and why?
-If i would be a manager i would consider to apply both the law and ethics in tuning a business because not all the time that you must follow the law only, it is hard to do the kind of situation, to have good output law and ethics must be compliment with each other.



DISCUSSION QUESTION

1. CA executives involved the accounting scandal were not accused of reporting bogus contracts or hiding major problems in business. the contracts that were backdated were real sales agreements. was this really a crime? should the individuals have been punished so harshly?
- That was a crimes since they commit Fraudulent involved backdating contract that worth hundreds of millions. Fraud considered as a crime, any person who commit this should have been put to punish according to what he have done, he must have to face the consequences sentenced by law but not so harshly.

2. In December 2004, CA appointed Patrick J. Gnazzo as a senior chief compliance officer to demonstrate to the government and shareholders that the firm would take measures to operate ethically, Gnazzo served in this role at United Technologies for 10 years and had been a member of the board directors of the ethics Offices Association .Gnazzo reported to a  new executive vice president and a general counsel at CA as well as the board's Compliance committee. Outline some of the Actions Gnazzo might have been taken in his first six months on the job
- Gnazzo must have to do great decisions that could make the company to be successful. Some outline that he must pursue is good decision making, proper handling of employee, product innovation and most of all he must do all the positive way to meet all the objectives of the company. these are some outline that Gnazzo might have taken in his first six months on the job.

3. John Swainson, a 26-year veteran of IBM, joined CA in November 2004 as CEO and President his first few months with the firm were rough- major customers threatened to dumb the firm some products were behind schedule and were of poor quality; executives had to be fired for breaking company  rules; accountants continued to find past mistakes; and many newly hired executives had to be brought on board. what sort leadership could he have demonstrated to show that he was determined to avoid future scandals at CA?
- John Swaison must be a good leader and passes good quality  that would create good relationship to customers as well as to employees. Leader must be an example, so therefore i would suggest that he would do some strategic plan that was determined to avoid future problems or scandals at CA. Having a good leader maintained the employees produced good quality of products, retained and regained customers.

4. CA has been hit with numerous scandals since the late 1990's. these scandals raise questions about how successful the firm might have been if not for the amount of time its executives had to spend on this distractions. compare the revenue growth and stock price of CA to that of some of its competitors over the period 2004-2008 (be sure to use CA's corrected figures!) can you detect any impact of these scandals on CA's performance? what else might explain the difference in performance?
- The revenue growth of CA was 4.3billion. Yes, there is an impact of these scandals on CA's performance since the board members and executives itself were sentenced to jail and fined millions of dollars. Then, the company image were also affected since the employees commit securities fraud and obstruction of justice. The difference between CA and competitors might be the total revenue of CA will declined and the Competitors used the scandals of CA to get the customers and to increase there profits.

 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

1. Identify at least two other companies that mange their suppliers in a manner similar to Dell computers. do these companies have anything in common with Dell?
-   I think Apple and Sam Sung Companies have suppliers similar to Dell Computers. And yes, they have anything in common with Dell, they are both manufactures,designs and sells computer technology and also they employs lot of people needed in the operation of the business.

2. Can you Identify any disadvantages for dell in taking the approach to managing suppliers?
- For me, I think there is also a disadvantage for Dell in taking this approach to managing suppliers, Dell is very high standard to there suppliers that could make bullying since they hold the suppliers feet to fire. although it is good to establish  such expectations to ensure good quality but then on the other side there are some disadvantage that could affect the company.

3. Do you think that this approach  to managing suppliers is unethical, or is it acceptable and ethical? explain your reasoning.
- I think it is acceptable and ethical because as a company you set a standards  to suppliers to have total good quality of every products. Then, it motivates also your suppliers to do there job property. So therefore it is good and ethical since today customers look for good and high quality products so in this connection you can surely give the needs of the people by producing high standard products.

4. would you recommend any changes to the way Dell manages suppliers? Defend your position.
 - Im on the side of Dell's company on how they managed their suppliers because it is for all  good. standards set in order to meet the expectations of a company, it helps a lot in producing good and high standards products. Therefore i would say that Dell's manages its suppliers is good but then also know there limitation or boundary towards suppliers and i think i do not have any charges to the way Dell manages its suppliers.


QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

1. Discuss how a CIO might handle Schrage's Scenarios using the suggested process for ethical decision making presented in this chapter.
- The CIO must have to developed the idea of Schrage is first scenario in having a customer relationship management (CRM). It motivates all the employees to do there job and working hard to meet the deadline and also business competing values, and trade-offs must be made to keep business operation running. 


2. Discuss the possible short-term losses and long-term gains in implementing ethical solutions for each of Schrage's scenarios.
-  The possible short term loses of Schrage's every scenario accusing him of being dishonorable, shortsighted and lazy. The remaining employees will no longer trust the company and may find new job were they can feel more secure. The long term gains in implementing ethical solutions is that they should try to maintain loyalty to employees by offering incentives for those who stayed or by providing  job-replacement services to departing employees. 


3. Must businesses choose between good ethics and financial benefits? explain your answer using Schrage's scenarios as example.
- Busines should apply both good ethics and financial benefits because through this , your company will succeed, the customer will satisfied of what they have. Ethics is not an hindrance for profit expansion, it does not interferes with the business efficiency of the company.   

CHAPTER 2 Case study 2

QUESTION TO CONSIDER:
 
1. What message is sent to IT workers by the actions of New York Law School and  colleague  even if unrelated job-performance issues justified their actions in firing Gross and Perry?
-  Be a professional in doing your jobs and do not makes with  joke actions. sent an email to New York faculty , staff , and students saying I'm saddened to report to you that I learned this afternoon that our colleague, professor Edward Samuel, was arrested on charges relating to possession of childhood pornographic images.and they were fired because of this incident.

2. since the incident, a number of states have enacted laws that require workers to report immediately any child pornography found while servicing equipment. most of the laws state that worker who reports such a discovery is immune from any criminal,civil or administrative liability. failure to report the discovery can result to a fine, imprisonment or both,do you think such laws will encourage reporting? why or why not?
-Yes, Because they will get oblige to report any child pornography.If not,the authority will have no choice but to take them in imprisonment. And by this, there will be less crimes that will happen.It is better for us to help how to prevent or stop such wrong doings.

Discussion Questions:

1. how do you distinguish between a gift and a bribe? provide an example of a "gift" that falls in the gray area between a gift and a bribe.

-Bribe is any inducement given either in appreciation of a past favor or in anticipation of a future one. Gift is an item given voluntarily to somebody out of love or compassion, without expecting the recipient to be in a position to reciprocate the gesture later or in future.

2. discuss the following topic: law do not provide a complete guide to ethical behavior. an activity can be legal or not ethical.
-Ethical values and legal principles are usually closely related, but ethical obligations typically exceed legal duties. In some cases, the law mandates ethical conduct. Examples of the application of law or policy to ethics include employment law, federal regulations, and codes of ethics.

3. what is a professional malpractice? can an IT worker ever be sued for professional malpractice? why or why not?
-No, because an IT workers are not recognized as a professionals because they are not licensed by the state or federal government. Therefore, IT workers are NOT liable for malpractice because they do.

4. review the PMI member code of ethics in appendix E. for each point in the code, provide an example of a project manager action that would break the code.-In the past, PMI also had separate ethics standards for members and for credentialed individuals. Stakeholders who contributed input to develop this Code concluded that having multiple codes was undesirable and that everyone should be held to one high standard. Therefore, this Code is applicable to both PMI members and individuals who have applied for or received a credential from PMI, regardless of their membership in PMI.

5. what must IT professionals do to ensure that the project they lead meet the clients expectations and do not lead the charges of fraud, fraudulent misrepresentation, or breach of contact.
-IT Professionals Profession A calling that requires specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation Ethics for IT WORKERS and IT USERS.IT workers are not recognized as professionals because they are not licensed by a state or federal government. In malpractice lawsuits, as many courts have ruled that IT workers are not liable for malpractice because they do not meet the legal definition of a professional.


6.should all IT professionals be either be licensed or certified? why or why not?
-Being certified will help IT professional to prove his capability and creditability for others as Microsoft said "How they know that you know?" but the most important then certificate is the experience, so I consider the certificate is a plus for IT not necessary, I hold 14 certificate from Microsoft, those certificate will add value but will not be the main.
7. what commonalities you find among  the IT professionals codes of ethics discussed in this chapter ? what differences are there? do you think there are any important issues not addressed by these codes of ethics.
-for me each code has similarities because it is all about ethics we know that ethics has many codes of ethics but for me there are no issues regarding to those codes because it's all about showing your personality and characteristics when it comes to ethics





Discussion Questions :

1. the Incident illustrates some of the potential problems for small software developers working with the giant software manufacturers. to extend or enhance their products. provide two good reasons why small developers should still consider working closely with the large software firm.
 
- There are some good reason why small developers should still consider working closely with large software firms. And one of this is that their products will be known in the industry, because the larger firm has the greater demand and if the small firm will work closely to them their products will be also in demand.
  -Second is that this is not only good for the small developers but this can also help the larger firms because there are things that the larges firms is needed that is met by the small developers. This way, the large firm can create a good software by the help of the small developers.

2. what measures could limit none have taken to better protect itself from Google's alleged actions? what measures could Google have taken to protect itself from this lawsuit?    

- The measures could LimitNone have taken to better protest itself from Google’s alleged actions is that they should think first of will happen after entering such large companies. They shouldn’t allow to tied them up and not to develop a competing product.
  -The measures that Google have take to protect itself from the lawsuit is that they shouldn’t do such things against the smaller developer because they can still fight against them and can damage their identity.

3. do research on the web to find out this case is proceeding it the courts. write a short summary of your findings. 
LimitNone, a small software development company, is seeking nearly US$1 billion in damages in a lawsuit that accuses Google of reneging on a partnership with the small company and misappropriating its trade secrets for its Google Apps online service.       
Specifically, the suit concerns LimitNone software called gMove designed to let people move e-mail, contacts, and calendar information stored in Microsoft Outlook to Google’s online service. Google initially helped LimitNone develop, promote, and sell the product, assuring LimitNone it wouldn’t offer a competing product, but then reversed course by giving away its own tool, Google E-mail Uploader, to premier-level Google Apps customers, the lawsuit said.

“With gMove priced at US$19 per copy and Google’s prediction that there were potentially 50 million users, Google deprived LimitNone of a US$950 million opportunity by offering Google’s competitive product for free as a part of its ‘premier’ Google Apps package,” the lawsuit, filed Monday in Cook County Circuit Court in Illinois.

LimitNone had shared confidential technical and sales forecast details with Google, the lawsuit said.

“Without Google’s knowledge and use of the gMove trade secrets and confidential information, Google would not have been able to solve its longstanding Microsoft Outlook to Gmail conversion problem,” the lawsuit said. “At a minimum, Google’s access to the internal workings of gMove allowed it to gain a significant head start on designing the inner workings for a competing application.” 
Google’s product “copied gMove’s look, feel, functionality, and distribution model, including several unique and proprietary operations,” the suit said.
And in May 2008, Google changed its user interface, breaking gMove compatibility and forcing the company to provide customer refunds.
The complaint alleges Google misappropriated trade secrets from LimitNone and violated fraud law by inducing LimitNone to share confidential information Google used to develop its competing product.

Discussion Question

1. How can organizations and vendors change their certification programs to test for skills as well as core knowledge? What issues might this introduce?
-Organization creates project management which certifies that if an IT worker succeeds the training that the organization will provide for the IT workers and Employees they well be given a certificate for the job that qualifies them. it shows that how further they learn during training's or maybe seminars how much knowledge they gain and how to use them wisely.
2. What are the primary arguments against certification, and how can certifying bodies change their programs to overcome these shortcomings?
-IT knowledge is not necessarily translated into IT quality work, cause as we know people with IT backgrounds must have a great communications skill and they are wisely suspected that it workers paid their certificates. they can release certificate and can also gain it during training's and it can be also used in their works and careers.
3. What are the benefits of certification? How might certification programs need to change in the future to better serve the needs of the IT community?
The benefits of this certificates are the employee can easily find a job and they are well recognized as an IT
Employees can benefit much on the certificates they will receive because it serves as a evidence that you attend any training's or any other programs or even workshops related to IT community it can also be used to easily apply to a company related on the certificate given to them. it is easy to be a part of something that is good best for your career.

What takes to be an IT Professional

 What it takes to be a I.T Professional, especially from someone who has never actually been one. To them, we just create a system, hard coding, make some websites, and all that. Those of us who really do make a living at this know that it is more about logic, analyzing, designing, deadlines, and sleepless nights. I want to discuss the first, and some might say primary decision a person must make before becoming a I.T Professional.Before we decide on a profession as a I.T Professionals, we must understand the commitment that we need to make. I.T Professionals perform hard Coding & System maintenance or solve problems that people have with their Business. To be a Professionals we need to become an expert and specialized knowledge in field which one is practicing professionally. To be a Professional we need to familiarize all the methods and technique that we are going to apply. And we need to get the Trust of the people and to be a Solutions provider..